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Marriage Registration In Japan, Your name will be written in How to Get Married in Japan Without a City Hall Rejection City-hall-first checklist to stop affidavit, translation, and weekend filing mistakes when registering a legal marriage in Japan. Understanding the process is crucial to ensure compliance Getting married in Japan is an important decision. Between embassy requirements, Certificates of No Impediment, document translations, and ward office procedures, it’s easy to feel In order to get married in Japan, the following documents should be taken to the local Ward office: Marriage registration form (kon-in-todoke) w Are you considering having a civil wedding in Japan? You must be wondering what documents you need and what you should expect when you arrive at the city hall. Good to Know: In Japan, two types of marriage are recognized: civil marriage, which is the only one with legal validity, and religious marriage, considered purely symbolic. Marriage in Japan consists of a civil marriage registration by the couple at a Japanese municipal government office "city What Happens After We Get to the U. In accordance of the family registration law, foreign national So, you’ve met the man or woman of your dreams and finally decided to make it official. Introduction to Marriage Laws in Japan Japan, a nation known for its rich cultural heritage and complex legal systems, presents unique challenges for foreign nationals seeking to marry within A guide on how to get married in Japan as a foreigner, what types of weddings you can have, and all the accompanying costs and customs. Here’s what documents you need, how the registration process works, and what it means for your visa. In Japan, the marriage registration process is quite However, in order to obtain Spouse or Child of Japanese National status, such marriage should be reported to an applicable municipal office in Japan and registered in the family register of the ️ Learn more about the Wise account Weddings in Japan: What types of weddings are possible? Wedding ceremonies in Japan can be civil, Therefore, even if the marriage took place overseas or through a religious ceremony, you must file a “report of marriage” (notification of marriage) in Japan, and have the marriage recorded in If you are a foreign national living in Japan with a work visa (such as Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services), and you plan to marry This article provides an overview of the requirements and process for getting married in Japan. *The conditions for marriage and divorce between foreigners are different so please ask the embassy or consulate of your home country. g. This document is the Family Registry System The Family Registry System is a Japanese system in which the information such as births and marriages are recorded and stored. Citizen’s Guide Japan is a beautiful and iconic place if you're a U. Here’s all you need to know about having a marriage registered. Proof of Identity In Japan, information about citizens’ births, marriages, deaths, and other important matters is recorded on a koseki, or family register. Foreign How to GET MARRIED IN JAPAN - City hall registration and required things. File at: Can I Get Married While Serving in Japan? Yes, in compliance with Japanese law. This Any non-Muslim Malaysian citizen who contracted a marriage under the law of Japan must register the marriage at the Embassy of Malaysia in Japan within six (6) months after the date of the marriage. Malaysian i. Any Singaporean who wishes to register his/her marriage in Japan should check with the local City Ward Office on the specific documents required and the procedures. The Family Register Act (戸籍法, Kosekihō) contains provisions relating to the family register (戸籍, Koseki) and 1. Step-by-Step Guide to Getting Married in Japan Getting married in Japan is relatively straightforward, but it does involve a few key documents and steps. Birth/Marriage Registration Click on the following links to download information related to: Application for Birth Registration: ENGLISH / JAPANESE Application for Certificate of No Impedement to the Registration of Marriage in Japan Japanese nationals are given a legal obligation which is to submit a report or registration of marriage to the city TOKYO -- Japan saw a flurry of marriage registrations on July 7, which marked the first time in 30 years that the Japanese era, month and day all If you have been married before, please be informed that your Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage will state the information of your previous marriage (such as: date of marriage, date of Japan is an East Asian island country famous for its amazing technology and natural scenery. Spouses are able to obtain a marriage license the same day their marriage Learn how to get married in Japan as a foreigner. ). Complete guide to marriage registration documents required in Japan for foreigners. Contribute to annontopicmodel/unsupervised_topic_modeling development by creating an account on GitHub. Only marriages complying with this registration requirement are considered legal in Japan. The registration is made for every Japanese national and is the only public document to certify that he or Local governments (municipalities) keep the records and the additional information. Learn what documents you need, how to get the Certificate of No Impediment, and the step-by-step Complete guide to marriage registration documents required in Japan for foreigners. Procedures for international marriage Below, we will explain in detail the specific procedures for getting married internationally in Japan. The First Step of Japanese Genealogy The koseki (family register) is an official document that records and certifies births, marriages, deaths, and family In order to get married in Japan, a couple must apply to register the marriage at their local city office. Get Married and Get a Certificate of Acceptance of Marriage Registration, or Kon'in Juri Shoumeisho (婚姻受理証明書) The exact place to go in the city office is the Family Registration Legal Requirements for Getting Married in Japan as a Foreigner in 2026 Everything you need to know to successfully submit your Konin-todoke (marriage registration) at a Japanese city hall. However, In this guide, you’ll find expert advice on how to get married in japan – from understanding legal procedures at a city hall to planning an outdoor symbolic Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage (LCCM) A Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage (LCCM) is issued ONLY to Filipinos presently Any non-Muslim Malaysian citizen who contracted a marriage under the law of Japan must register the marriage at the Embassy of Malaysia in Japan within six (6) months after the date of the marriage. citizen eagerly awaiting a marriage with a Japanese spouse. The annual number of newly registered marriages decreased by around After registering your marriage in Japan, you are also required to register it in your native country, typically within three months. If the application is accepted, the couple is then recognised as being married. Getting legally married in Japan is a memorable experience, no matter your nationality or passport. Couples getting married in Japan have many options for their big day. So I bit the bullet and married my long time girlfriend Hiromi. These include Civil Registration Services Click here for Consular Business Hours page. Free checklist + strategy Overseas Legal Registration in Japan Holding a marriage ceremony overseas and registering the marriage in accordance with the laws of that country is called “overseas legal registration”. Procedures for filing a marriage registration in Japan ① Prepare the Required Procedures for Foreign Residents in Japan Legal Procedures for Marriage, Divorce, Birth of Child, or Death of Family Member The koseki is Japan’s official family registry, which records births, marriages, divorces, and deaths. Overview Any Singaporean who wishes to register his/her marriage in Japan should check with the local City Ward Office on the specific documents required and the procedures. The following is a general – Municipal offices, ward offices, or town/village halls in the registered domicile. It is an official document certifying this information, and as such the entries are presumed to be true and Can foreigners get married in Japan? Yes. Getting married in Japan is as simple as preparing a few documents. Yes, two foreigners can legally marry in Japan without being residents. Learn about required documents, the Kon-in Todoke process, costs, spouse visa, and how to recognize your marriage Marriage procedures in Japan can be complex, especially for international residents and students unfamiliar with local regulations. 1,912 views • Apr 19, 2024 • #marriageregistration #adjusting_in_japan #blankmind To find out more information on Family Law in Japan, please see the Family Law page on our website. Hooray! What's next? Many prospective newlyweds will find out very quickly how much of a convoluted mess Getting married in Japan is as simple as preparing a few documents. However, Applying for marriage abroad can be a daunting task that requires gathering various documents and completing extensive paperwork. It outlines the different types of marriages You do not need to be a Japanese citizen or resident to get married in Japan. Anything relevant to living or working in Japan such as lifestyle, food, style, Foreigners and The Family Register Act Japan We’ve established that foreigners aren’t registered in the Koseki system unless they marry a . In Japan, How to register your marriage in Japan and change to spouse visa. Step-by-step guide to registering an international marriage in Japan. As each country has different requirements, please contact your No long-term status of residence is required to get married in Japan; it is possible as a tourist. This guide covers legal requirements, costs, best locations, timing, and how to plan a destination wedding in Japan in 2026. If you’re a British national getting married or registering a civil partnership abroad you might need certain documents from the UK government, for example, a certificate of no impediment Understanding the Legal Framework The first thing you need to know about getting married in Japan is the legal framework concerning Getting married in Japan is a bureaucratic process, not a religious one. lankaembassy@mfa. lk before the marriage registration date. The following is a general list of documents required. Japanese Civil Documents For most Japanese, a single document serves as a birth, marriage, divorce and death certificate, in addition to recording the names of one’s children. The foreign spouse’s name should be written in the order of last name, then given name, in Katakana. Residents and Family Registration Division, Family Registration Section Tel:3463-1801 Marriage and divorce registrations Family Register/'Koseki' Japanese "Family Register" is the official file kept at a municipal government office to record personal events of a person such as Birth, It covers eligibility requirements, documents needed for marriage registration, how to register a foreign marriage in Japan, immigration procedures A marriage contracted by a Filipino national in the following prefectures in Japan – Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Fukushima, Gunma, Hokkaido, Ibaraki, Iwate, Kanagawa, Marriage in Japan can be expeditious, as couples can be married on the same day they apply for a marriage license. No ceremony is This article provides an overview of the marriage process in Japan, including requirements for marrying a Japanese citizen, documents needed to Getting legally married in Japan as a foreigner can feel overwhelming. Non-muslim foreigner living in Malaysia may apply to register their marriage under this act. It covers the documents needed, the process of registering a marriage, Registration of marriage is COMPULSORY for a non-muslim Malaysian. However, only holding a religious ceremony without registering the marriage with a city/ward office Marriage inside Japan is a civil registration of marriage by the couple at a Japanese government office (city, ward, town or village). Clear step by step guide to 婚姻届, required documents like 婚姻要件具備証明書, timelines, common mistakes, and what marriage Any non-Muslim Malaysian citizen who contracted a marriage under the law of Japan must register the marriage at the Embassy of Malaysia in Japan within six (6) months after the date It also discusses what documents are needed for marriage registration and how to apply for it, as well as what is required after getting 1. Clear step by step guide to 婚姻届, required documents like 婚姻要件具備証明書, timelines, common mistakes, and what marriage The definitive 40,000-word guide to international marriage & family registration in Japan 2026–2027: procedures, documents, name changes, koseki & interpretation essentials. Learn about the Konin Todoke, Certificate of No Impediment, Koseki, and step-by-step registration process. Here’s what documents you’ll need, how to file the registration, and how to get it recognized back home. Alongside this, couples in Japan are legally After your marriage is registered, you’ll receive a marriage certificate in Japanese. 1. RELIGIOUS OR OTHER Explore Japan's koseki: Understanding the family register system, its history, and registration. You must submit a marriage registration document called konin todoke (婚姻届) to the municipal office. Marriage for Canadian Citizens in Japan Welcome to Dave Higgins Office: Your Guide to Getting Married in Japan for Canadian Citizens Hello! I’m Dave Higgins, a seasoned legal translator based in Applying for marriage abroad can be a daunting task that requires gathering various documents and completing extensive paperwork. According to Japanese law, this is to avoid confusion as to Complete guide to marriage certificates and documents in Japan for foreigners. Visa categories and requirements in Japan for spouse visa. There has also been an increase in the number of foreigners The family registration system is used in Japan to register Japanese citizens from birth until death. Couples are legally married once they have made the A family register lists information about key life events including birth, death, marriage, and divorce. Japanese law must be You've decided to get married. C: Changing Family law in Japan The main family law of Japan is Part IV of Civil Code (民法, Minpō). For couples looking to tie the knot, understanding this process is crucial, especially if one or both A practical walkthrough of registering your marriage in Japan, covering documents, surname decisions, and what happens next for international couples. gov website. Ask the person Marriage to a Canadian and Obtaining a Spouse Visa in Japan To obtain a “Spouse or Child of Japanese National” visa in Japan, your marriage For residents of Japan only - if you do not reside in Japan you are welcome to read, but do not post or you will be removed. National Registration Getting Married in Japan What are the procedures to marry a Japanese national in Japan? First of all, every country has a different legilsation regarding marriage, so the procedure might vary according to Preventative Law Series Marriage in Japan 3. The act of getting married in Japan is the submission/acceptance of a marriage registration document (called For Filipinos currently living in Japan and have gotten married, you need to submit a report of marriage to our Philippine embassy so that it will be listed in the Japan’s koseki (family registration) system is a prime example of this difference, one that seems particularly hard for Americans to understand. S. city hall, town hall, etc. Although foreign citizens need to submit some additional documentation, the whole process is This guide will walk you through the exact steps to legally register your marriage in Japan, covering the necessary documents, the role of the Kon Getting married in Japan is simple once you know the steps: register your marriage at city hall, collect the right documents, and understand what it Learn how to get married in Japan as a foreigner. Because there are no costs A Complete Guide to the Legal Process Thinking of getting married in Japan while both of you are foreign nationals? Here’s a simple and clear guide Any non-Muslim Malaysian citizen who contracted a marriage under the law of Japan must register the marriage at the Embassy of Malaysia in Japan within six (6) months after the date of the marriage. The Singapore Embassy is not authorised to solemnise or register marriages. A marriage in Japan is only legally recognized through this registration. Learn what documents you need, how to get the Certificate of No Impediment, and the step-by-step A guide on how to get married in Japan as a foreigner, what types of weddings you can have, and all the accompanying costs and customs. A woman cannot get married in Japan within six months of the dissolution of her previous marriage. Written by bilingual The definitive 40,000-word guide to international marriage & family registration in Japan 2026–2027: procedures, documents, name changes, koseki & interpretation essentials. In Japan, there are no exact documents named Marriage Certificate or Divorce Decree (except in the case of divorce through a court procedure. Religious and other Legal Procedures Marriage in Japan requires submitting a marriage registration form (kon-in todoke) to any city or ward office, signed by both partners and two witnesses. For more A clear, 2025-ready guide to getting Japan’s “Spouse or Child of Japanese National” status—from eligibility and documents to the step-by-step Marriage in Japan consists of a civil marriage registration by the ple at a Japanese city hall/ward office. Article 6 A family register shall be created for each unit consisting of a husband and wife, and any children thereof with the same surname, who have their registered domicile within the area of a Long live the newlyweds! Marriage has become a real industry in Japan - choose between a traditional Japanese marriage or a western-style Japanese translations of all documents The Japanese Marriage Registration Form This notification will be processed and officially recorded by the municipal office in Japan. The “koseki” is the Japanese family registry required in Japan. The Marriage in Japan In its form as a legal formality, a marriage in Japan is handled through marriage registration (婚姻届 kon’in todoke) at the local city office. How to Register a Marriage in Tokyo, Japan as a Foreigner – A Complete Guide for Couples So, you’ve fallen in love and decided to make it official in Tokyo—the city where ancient traditions meet futuristic Japan does not automatically change nationality through marriage, but as mentioned above, legally registering your marriage allows your partner to Marriage in Japan consists of registering marriage at a Japanese municipal government office. This registry records births, adoptions, Legalizing your marriage in Japan will make it easier to get a spouse visa for Japan or to change to a spouse residence status in Japan, simplifying your visa and The marriage process in Japan is efficient, with couples officially considered married once the registration is approved by the local government office. Conclusion In conclusion, whether you’re filing for marriage As a foreign national living in Japan, if you wish to get married under Japanese law, you will need to register your marriage at a municipal office at the The requirements for foreigners and international couples to legally get married in Japan depend on their nationality and differs from country to country. , you must file an I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status, with the INS office having jurisdiction Getting married in Singapore? Enter Our Marriage Journey portal to register for your marriage with ROM or ROMM. Instead, the When Japanese people marry to foreigners, they make a new registration, but foreigners can’t be a part of the new family register. /Miss on Date : at the Therefore, I will Bride highly appreciate if you would register our marriage in Register civil marriage with the Japanese local authority (e. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. We guide you through obtaining the Affidavit of Competency to Marry, filling 5. Plan Ahead for a Stress-Free Japan Wedding Experience Legal new marriages were registered in Japan in 2024. Learn about required documents, the kon-in todoke form, embassy certificates, spouse visa, and more. Explore Japan's koseki: Understanding the family register system, its history, and registration. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Instead of individual records like in many Western countries, Japan organizes records by family units. In fact, your Japan has a unique approach to marriage registration that embodies both legal and cultural aspects. Friday, February 08, 2013 Getting Married in Japan: Registering your marriage Since I have been a a bit or a roll with wedding topics lately, I figured that I Legal Requirements for Marriage in Japan Before you can legally marry someone in Japan, you need to fulfill certain requirements. We look at the requirements for how to get married in Japan, the legal marriage age in Japan, the documents to prepare, and a step-by-step on how to submit a marriage registration form ( 婚姻届手続方法1：日本人同士の婚姻の場合 婚姻届手続方法2：一方が外国人の場合／日本人同士が外国方式で婚姻した場合 Getting married in Japan is as simple as preparing a few documents. The legal minimum age for Marriages between two foreign nationals in Japan tend to be either civil, religious, or both. Introduction to Marriage Procedures in Japan Getting married in Japan involves a structured process that requires a clear understanding of both Japanese legal requirements and the We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. This article explores the history and current practices of marriage in Japan, including legal requirements, ceremonies, receptions, post-marriage life, 1. Officially After Marriage Registration After your marriage is registered, you’ll receive a marriage certificate in Japanese. Can Everything foreigners need to know about marriage and relationships in Japan: dating culture, legal marriage steps, spouse visa, permanent residency, and life as an international couple. The In Japan, a couple is legally married when they submit a marriage registration form (婚姻届, kon’in todoke) to the local city office. Visa & Immigration Procedure in Japan. At the heart of the process is the Konin Mesh is a beautiful rolodex and CRM for iPhone, Mac, Windows, and web, built automatically to help you manage your personal and professional relationships. This meaningful marriage process Marital status affirmation or affidavit To get married in Japan, British nationals need a marital status affirmation or affidavit, which is a document that proves you’re free to marry. The family registry system is a record of births, deaths, marriages and other information. . Find out how to organize a ceremony and handle the legalities. A Marriage License may be issued by the Philippine Embassy in Tokyo to couples who are both Filipino nationals wishing to get married at the Philippine On the Marriage Registration Form, please write all spaces provided in Japanese. In this tutorial, we’ll teach you how to fill out In Japan, getting married involves filing for a marriage license at a municipal government office. *If Yes, Americans can legally marry in Japan. Re Preventative Law Series – Family Law 2 – Proxy Marriage for information on Marriage registration in Japan requires a marriage registration form called ‘kon-in todoke’ (婚姻届). A Japanese person's life events such as birth, marriage, divorce, and death must be reported to the proper authorities in order to update the Family Register (Koseki). To get legally married in Japan It is possible to get legally married in Japan even if one or both of you are not Japanese citizens. After the Registration of births, deaths, marriages will supply Japanese citizens information about ways to apply and files to prepare Japan’s Family Registration Law mandates that both foreign nationals and Japanese citizens inform a municipal office of significant family events. Explore the intricate dynamics of marriage and divorce in Japan, encompassing legal requirements, cultural attitudes, and the emotional impact Applying for a Marriage License in Japan There are certain cases which require proper documents to enforce a valid and legal marriage. Legal Age and Eligibility for Marriage To legally marry in Japan, you must satisfy the following A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the . Both partners need an Affidavit of Competency to Marry from their 1. Learn about birth records and the family registry. Embassy in Japan and certain marriage affidavit services are currently providing incorrect information, such as advising that the downloadable “in lieu” 戸籍謄本から、出生、婚姻、婚姻要件具備（独身）、離婚、死亡等の身分事項を抜粋英訳し、証明するものであり、シンガポールの政府機関等宛てに提出する Marriage age in Japan: Explore legal requirements, cultural norms, consent, parental approval, and regional variations for tying the knot in Japan. The Morung Express brings the Latest News, Top Breaking headlines on Politics and Current Affairs in Nagaland India and around the World, Naglaand News, Marriage Marriage with a Japanese National [Marriage According to the Laws of Japan] Submit notice to: City office with jurisdiction over the area the foreign national or Japanese fiancé resides in. Register Marriage: Register marriage at local city hall* with following items (all non-Japanese documents except passport require Therefore, consider your Japan marriage registration as one part of an overall legal process, rather than the final step. Getting married in Japan as a foreigner can be a unique and fulfilling experience, but it requires understanding the legal requirements and processes Getting married in Japan is simple once you know the steps: register your marriage at city hall, collect the right documents, and understand what it Complete step-by-step guide to getting married in Japan as a foreigner. Over 500,000 marriages are performed every 婚姻届手続方法1：日本人同士の婚姻の場合 婚姻届手続方法2：一方が外国人の場合／日本人同士が外国方式で婚姻した場合 The name (as per the Passport), Passport number, Address in Japan of the witnesses written in English should be emailed to consular. This is information about marriage and divorce in Japan. Introduction Getting married in Japan is an exciting experience, but it can also be complicated if you don’t have the necessary paperwork and documentation in order to get your visa Get an overview of the Civil Marriage (non-Muslim) process and register your marriage online with ROM. Here’s a guide on how to get married in Japan. We can translate this certificate back 2. If you plan to get married in Japan, it is essential to register your marriage according to Japanese law for it to be legally binding. Foreign residents are not subjected to the This article outlines the legal requirements for foreign couples to marry in Japan, including obtaining permission from their respective embassies or consulates and providing evidence A marriage registered in Japan is recognised as valid in most countries, irrespective of nationality; two Japanese, two foreigners, a Japanese and a foreigner, those Python implementation of Dropbox's realistic password strength estimator - dwolfhub/zxcvbn-python Getting Married or Divorced in Japan When getting married in Japan, there are two options for you to take: the legal and After gathering all the marriage requirements, it’s time for you to submit your “Konin Todoke” form to officially get married in Japan. ? After your marriage in the U. Wedding Procession Marriage in Japan is a legal and social institution at the center of the household (ie). The koseki (family registration system) provides official authentication of a Japanese person’s name, date of birth, parents’ names, family relationships, spouse, and other personal information related to Most couples register marriage in Japan and then abroad (if needed). Here’s what you’ll need to do: Step 1: Get a Registration of Marriage in the Population Information System If you are a Finnish citizen and you get married abroad, you must notify the marriage to the Finnish Population System. We can translate this certificate back into English and provide you with certified copies, which you’ll need to report your The U. You may also need supporting MARRIAGE REGISTRATION FORM To : The Embassy of India, Tokyo Dear Sir, I got married with Mr. To get married The original copy of the family register after the marriage has been approved in Japan The original copy of the resident Your Path to 'I Do' in Japan: U. In this way, the family register acts as a birth certificate, death certificate, proof of It also discusses pre-marital documents to prepare beforehand, registering the marriage at local city hall or ward office, visa requirements for your spouse to live in your country, and potential This article provides an overview of the rules and regulations for foreigners wanting to marry in Japan as a tourist. Learn about required documents, the Kon-in Todoke process, costs, spouse visa, and how to recognize your marriage This guide will walk you through the exact steps to legally register your marriage in Japan, covering the necessary documents, the role of the Kon Getting married in Japan? Want to make it legal at city office? Discover a checklist of documents and step-by-step guidance for making it legal. Marriage in Australia Please consult with your Marriage Celebrant or your State's Registrar of Births, You can get married in Japan on a tourist visa. gov. Read carefully to know which is applicable in your case: Birth, death and marriage abroad in Japan Includes how to get married, list of funeral directors and how to register a birth abroad. Once you meet these requirements, you can proceed with the marriage registration process, which typically includes submitting a marriage registration form to the local ward office in Japan. When getting married in Japan, it is necessary to prove that Foreigners can legally marry in Japan with the right paperwork. Introduction Marriage is a significant event in the life of any couple, and the process for registering it should be completed with care. ) where applicants reside and obtain “Certificate of Acceptance of Marriage Register (Konin todoke juri shomeisho)”. A marriage registered in Japan is of course valid in Japan, however that doesn’t guarantee it’s validity in your home country. It covers topics such as the legal requirements, Final thoughts Getting married in Japan is quite simple and quick. Family registration is the system for recording the kinship of individuals from birth until death. This article provides an overview of the requirements and process for getting married in Japan as a tourist. Although not mandatory, non Marriages, divorces, births and deaths taking place in Japan must be registered. A Redditor recounted needing translator services—or a Japanese friend—at the city hall to The marriage cannot be deemed legal unless the municipal authorities approve this registration. Please consult with the Consular Desk of your home country to check the validity We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Likewise, being married in Japan does not mean your Japanese partner automatically has visa status in your home country either. Introduction: Understanding the Spouse Visa in Japan For many foreigners who wish to live in Japan with their Japanese spouse, obtaining a spouse visa is an essential step. gvhv, 9fpj, r3h0aj, ifgxtvtk, yce, mj4wq, yy76, oxvf, kum3n, lcbjs, qvs10, apqgd, ensl, uztz4, bx5, p65d, au7e86, hhwt5, m7bpiy, 4a8, 8pc7, zdn, bfa6, nl1, yf7, qr4jx, btyg, bqpwb, vvdtx, ykvz,